Conocimientos sobre los riesgos de la fiebre y manejo de la misma por madres de niños menores de 5 años que asisten al Centro de Salud CRIN de Vinto, 2023 / Knowledge about the risks of fever and its management by mothers of children under 5 years of age who attend the Health Center CRIN de Vinto, 2023

La fiebre en niños menores de 5 años es considerada a nivel mundial como un signo de alarma ante las múltiples enfermedades, en especial de infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAS) y enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDAS). El Foro de las Sociedades Respiratorias Internacionales (2017), afirmó que "las IRAS como primera causa de morbimortalidad con 4 millones de defunciones ocurridos anualmente" y EDAS la segunda causa de muerte con una mortalidad de 525.000 en niños menores de 5 años en cada año y 1700 millones de casos de enfermedades diarreicas infantiles cada año. Según la OMS (2018), "América Latina y el Caribe son de las regiones más diversas del mundo, al mismo tiempo son regiones donde se evidencian mayores disparidades socioeconómicas, es por ello que la OPS indica la necesidad de crear políticas de salud para estas poblaciones. En Bolivia existen 36 diferentes naciones o pueblos indígenas originarios y campesinos, reconocidos por la Constitución Política del Estado" el acceso a la salud de estas poblaciones es limitado y las condiciones en las que viven afecta particularmente la salud de los niños, quienes con frecuencia padecen enfermedades infecciosas que cursan con fiebre, misma que si no es manejada de forma adecuada oportuna puede desencadenar complicaciones que pone en peligro su vida, es por eso que en muchas regiones rurales las madres recurren a diversas prácticas naturales o culturales para el manejo de la fiebre, lo que no siempre es recomendable ya que se debe indagar la causa de la misma y realizar un tratamiento etiológico

"Massive hemoptysis" and shock after fever and cough / 中国当代儿科杂志

A boy, aged 11 years, was admitted due to intermittent fever for 15 days, cough for 10 days, and "hemoptysis" for 7 days. The boy had fever and cough with left neck pain 15 days ago, and antibiotic treatment was effective. During the course of disease, the boy developed massive "hemoptysis" which caused shock. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a left pyriform sinus fistula with continuous bleeding. In combination with neck and vascular imaging examination results, the boy was diagnosed with internal jugular vein injury and thrombosis due to congenital pyriform sinus fistula infection and neck abscess. The boy was improved after treatment with temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation for the closure of pyriform sinus fistula, and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up for one year and six months. No reports of massive hemorrhage and shock due to pyriform sinus fistula infection were found in the searched literature, and this article summarizes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this boy, so as to provide a reference for the early diagnosis of such disease and the prevention and treatment of its complications.

Inflammatory signs and epileptic crisis in patients admitted in an emergency unit / Signos inflamatorios y crisis epiléptica en pacientes admitidos en una unidad de emergencia / Sinais inflamatórios e crise epiléptica em pacientes admitidos em unidade de emergência

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate inflammatory signs presented in medical records of patients with a main diagnosis of epileptic seizures, admitted in an emergency unit. Method: Cross-sectional and retrospective study. The sample was composed of 191 medical records, from children, adolescents, adults, and elders, with a clinical diagnosis of epileptic seizures, admitted between June 2016 and June 2017 at the emergency unit of a hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. Results: The prevalent inflammatory signs were tachypnea (33.5%) and/or fever (27.2%) associated with leukocytosis (P=0.030). Children/adolescents had seizures less frequently (P=0.010) and these were due to fever (P=0.000). Adults presented seizures more frequently (P=0.006), which were related to medication/intoxication (P=0.000). In elders, seizures occurred due to metabolic or circulatory abnormalities (P=0.000), less often due to fever (P=0.005). Conclusion: Seizures are related to fever and tachypnea, being caused by different etiologies according to age, being more frequent in adults. Fever is related to leukocytosis, regardless of age.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar signos inflamatorios registrados en prontuarios de pacientes con diagnóstico principal de crisis epilépticas, admitidos en unidad de emergencia. Método: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo. Muestra compuesta por 191 prontuarios de pacientes pediátricos, adolescentes, adultos y ancianos, diagnosticados con crisis epilépticas, admitidos entre junio de 2016 a junio de 2017 en unidad de emergencia de un hospital de Porto Alegre/RS. Resultados: Prevalencia del taquipnea (33,5%) y/o fiebre (27,2%) como signos inflamatorios, fiebre relacionada a leucocitosis (P=0,030). Niños/adolescentes tienen crisis menos frecuentes (P=0,010) de origen febril (P=0,000). Los adultos presentaron mayor número de eventos (P=0,006), provocados por medicamentos/intoxicaciones (P=0,000). En ancianos, crisis ocurrieron debido a disturbios metabólicos/circulatorios (P=0,000),menor ocurrencia de fiebre (P=0,005). Conclusión: Crisis epilépticas están relacionadas a fiebre y taquipnea, presentando diferentes etiologías según grupo de edad, con mayor ocurrencia entre adultos. Fiebre relacionada con el leucocitosis, independientemente de la edad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os sinais inflamatórios registrados em prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico principal de crise epiléptica, admitidos em unidade de emergência. Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo. Amostra composta por 191 prontuários de pacientes pediátricos, adolescentes, adultos e idosos, com diagnóstico clínico de crise epiléptica, admitidos entre junho de 2016 a junho de 2017, na unidade de emergência de um hospital de Porto Alegre/RS. Resultados: Prevalência do relato de taquipneia (33,5%) e/ou febre (27,2%) como sinais inflamatórios, estando febre relacionada à leucocitose (P=0,030). Crianças/adolescentes tiverem crises menos frequentes (P=0,010) ede origem febril (P=0,000). Adultos apresentaram maior número de eventos (P=0,006), provocados por medicações/intoxicações (P=0,000). Nos idosos, crises ocorreram por distúrbios metabólicos/circulatórios (P=0,000), com menor ocorrência de febre (P=0,005). Conclusão: Crises epilépticas estão relacionadas à presença de febre e taquipneia, apresentando diferentes etiologias conforme faixa etária, com maior frequência de ocorrência entre adultos. Febre está relacionada à leucocitose, independentemente da idade.

Coronary Artery Dilation in Children with Febrile Exanthematous Illness without Criteria for Kawasaki Disease / Dilatação das Artérias Coronárias em Crianças com Doença Exantemática Febril sem Critérios para a Doença de Kawasaki

Abstract Background: Coronary dilatation is the most important complication of Kawasaki disease (KD) and, in addition to some clinical characteristics, is common to KD and febrile exanthematous illnesses (FEIs). Objective: To assess whether children with FEI, who do not meet the criteria for KD, have changes in coronary arteries dimensions. Methods: Echocardiography was performed within the first two weeks of the disease in patients < 10 years with fever and exanthema without other KD criteria. To make a comparison with KD patients, we reviewed the echocardiograms and medical records of patients with a diagnosis of KD of the last five years. Coronary ectasia was assessed using Z scores of coronary arteries. The means of the dimensions of the coronary arteries were compared with a z test and a level of significance of 0.05 was adopted. Results: A total of 34 patients were included, 22 (64.7%) with FEI, and 12(35.2%) with a diagnosis of KD. Using the Z scores of coronary artery, a dilation of any of the coronary artery branches was observed in six (27.2%) patients with FEI. Conclusions: An important percentage of patients with FEI has coronary artery dilation.

Resumo Fundamento: A dilatação das artérias coronárias é a principal complicação da Doença de Kawasaki (DK) e, além de algumas características clínicas, é comum à DK e a doenças exantemáticas febris (DEFs). Objetivo: Avaliar se crianças com DEF e que não têm critério para DK apresentam alterações nas dimensões das artérias coronárias. Métodos: Foi realizada ecocardiografia nas primeiras duas semanas da doença em crianças com idade inferior a 10 anos, que apresentaram febre e exantema e nenhum outro critério de DK. Para comparar com pacientes com DK, fizemos a revisão de ecocardiogramas e prontuários médicos de pacientes com diagnóstico de DK dos últimos cinco anos. Ectasia coronária foi avaliada usando escore Z das artérias coronárias. As médias das dimensões das artérias coronárias foram comparadas pelo teste z, e um nível de significância de 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 34 pacientes, 22 (64,7%) com diagnóstico de DEF e 12 (35,2%) com diagnóstico de DK. Usando o escore Z das artérias coronárias, observou-se dilatação em algum dos ramos da artéria coronária em seis (27,2%) pacientes com DEF. Conclusão: Uma porcentagem importante dos pacientes com DEFs apresenta dilatação das artérias coronárias.

Diagnóstico de hipertermia maligna: reporte de caso / Diagnostic of malignant hyperthermia: a case presentation

Antecedentes: La Hipertermia maligna, desorden farmacogenético autosómico dominante, se presenta en pacientes susceptibles a gases anestésicos; estimándose predisposición genética en 1:3000 individuos generada por las variantes de los genes RYR1, CACNA1, STAC3, que explican la susceptibilidad del 77%-86% de la población caucásica europea. Se reporta incidencia en-tre 1:5000-100000 procedimientos de anestesia. Se induce por liberación excesiva sin recaptación adecuada de calcio citoplásmico desde el retículo sarcoplásmico, generando rigidez muscular, alto gasto de energía como ATP, hipermetabolismo, aumento secundario de CO2, calor, rabdomiólisis, hiperpotasemia, mioglobinuria y aumento de CPK. Descripción delcaso clínico: Paciente masculino 18 años sometido a cirugía con anestesia general por apendicitis aguda, durante la cirugía presentó rigidez muscular, inestabilidad hemodinámica, hipertermia (40°C), taquicardia (Frecuencia cardiaca: 120 lpm) e hipotensión (Presión Arterial 50/20), sin esfuerzo res-piratorio y pérdida de relejos osteotendinosos. Se diagnosticó hipertermia maligna y se inició manejo, sin embargo, paciente fallece poco menos de dos horas después de haber iniciado el cuadro. Conclusiones: La Hipertermia maligna, es una condición que genera un evento en respuesta a la exposición a agentes anestésicos durante una cirugía, cuadro difícil de prevenir. El manejo requiere cele-ridad y preparación exhaustiva que debe seguir las recomendaciones de manejo europeas y estadounidenses. Este es el primer caso reportado a nivel nacional y se acompaña con una revisión que permite determinar que, aunque no se disponga del fármaco clave en el sistema nacional para mejorar el pronóstico, la protocolización preventiva y terapéutica, así como el entrenamiento en simulación del personal de quirófano podrían inluir en la supervivencia...(AU)

Evaluación de reactantes de fase aguda como predictores de bacteriemia en niños con fiebre, leucemia aguda y linfoma / Evaluation of acute-phase reactants as predictors of bacteremia in children with fever, acute leukemia, and lymphoma

Introducción: Para predecir una infección en estadios tempranos en niños con cáncer se han evaluado marcadores como ESD, PCR y PCT. Objetivo: evaluar la precisión diagnóstica para bacteriemia de estos marcadores al ingreso en niños con fiebre y leucemia aguda (LA) o linfoma (L) internados entre 2013-2016. Métodos: estudio analítico retrospectivo. Revisión de historias clínicas. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y área bajo la curva ROC para cada marcador en MedCalc® V16.8.4. Se obtuvo autorización del Comité de Ética. Resultados:en total se internaron 31 niños con diagnóstico de LA y L, 19 presentaron fiebre y 12 no. Hubo 40 episodios de fiebre clasificados en 4 grupos: bacteriemia 14 (35%), infección documentada microbiológicamente 5 (12.5%), infección documentada clínicamente 2 (5%) y fiebre de origen desconocido 19 (47.5%). Los niveles de PCT fueron mayores en el grupo de bacteriemia registrando un valor promedio de 1,17ng/ mL (p: 0.045). El área bajo la curva ROC entre el grupo con y sin bacteriemia fue de 0.50 para ESD, 0.65 para PCR y 0.83 para PCT con S de 77.78%, E de 66.67%, VPP de 50% y VPN de 92.86%. Discusión: la PCT mostró ser el más eficaz que ESD y PCR para predecir bacteriemia. se deben realizar investigaciones con biomarcadores con el objeto de disminuir el uso inadecuado de antibióticos en pacientes con fiebre secundaria a enfermedad y acortar los tiempos de tratamiento en pacientes con infecciones adecuadamente resueltas mejorando ampliamente la calidad de vida en niños con cáncer (AU)

Introduction: To predict infection in early stages in children with cancer, markers such as ESR, CRP, and PCT have been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic precision for bacteremia of these markers on admission of children with fever and acute leukemia (AL) or lymphoma (L) admitted between 2013- 2016. Methods: A retrospective analytical study. Review of the clinical records. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the ROC curve were calculated for each marker in MedCalc® V16.8.4. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: Overall, 31 children with AL and L were admitted, 19 of whom presented with fever and 12 did not. There were 40 episodes of fever classified into 4 groups: bacteremia 14 (35%), microbiologically documented infection 5 (12.5%), clinically documented infection 2 (5%), and fever of unknown etiology 19 (47.5%). PCT levels were higher in the group with bacteremia with a mean value of 1.17ng/mL (p:0.045). The area under the ROC curve between the groups with and without bacteremia was 0.50 for ESR, 0.65 for CRP, and 0.83 for PCT with a sensitivity of 77.78%, specificity of 66.67%, PPV of 50%, and NPV of 92.86%. Discussion: PCT showed a greater efficacy than ESD and CRP to predict bacteremia. Research on biomarkers should be conducted to reduce the inadequate use of antibiotics in patients with fever secondary to disease and to shorten treatment times in patients with adequately resolved infections, thereby improving quality of life in children with cancer (AU)

Fiebre periódica con estomatitis aftosa, faringitis, y adenitis / Periodical fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome)

RESUMEN Se presenta un caso de fiebre periódica con estomatitis aftosa, faringitis, y adenitis síndrome de fiebre periódica con estomatitis aftosa, faringitis, y adenitis, entidad aparentemente infrecuente de la cual no se recoge reporte en el país. La etiología no es todavía bien comprendida, se observa con mayor frecuencia entre los 2 y 5 años, aunque se han descrito casos en adultos. Se caracteriza por fiebre periódica con estomatitis aftosa, faringitis, y adenitis de carácter periódica con una dramática respuesta al uso de esteroide en la mayoría de los casos. El caso que se presenta es un paciente de 5 años de edad, sexo masculino, con cuadros de fiebre periódica asociado a amigdalitis con exudado, adenitis y lesiones aftosas, con respuesta en la fase aguda a la prednisona y con respuesta al tratamiento de mantenimiento con cimetidina. En la actualidad lleva 11 meses en remisión (AU).

ABSTRACT We present a case of periodical fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome), entity that is apparently infrequent and its report in the country was not found. Its etiology is not still clearly understood. It appears with higher frequency in the ages between 2 and 5 years, though it has been described in adult population. It is characterized by periodical fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis of periodical character, with a dramatic answer to the use of steroids in most of the cases. The case that is presented is the one of a male patient aged 5 years with reiterative periodical fever associated to tonsillitis with exudate, adenitis and aphthous lesions, with answer, in the acute phase, to prednisone, and to cimetidine at the maintenance therapy. Nowadays, he is already 11 months in remission (AU).

Combinaciones más frecuentes y características clínicas y de estudios complementarios de pacientes pediátricos con dengue / Most common symptom combinations, clinical features and supplementary test characteristics of pediatric

Introducción: el dengue es una enfermedad viral, con un amplio espectro clínico. Objetivos: describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio, y determinar las combinaciones de síntomas y signos más frecuentes halladas en pacientes pediátricos con sospecha de dengue, internados en el Hospital Docente Pediátrico del Cerro. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, transversal, retrospectivo, a un universo de 1 300 pacientes ingresados entre enero y diciembre de 2012, con una muestra de 260 enfermos. Se estudiaron las variables síntomas y signos, además se hallaron las medianas de los valores de laboratorio hematócrito, conteo leucocitario y plaquetario. Se establecieron asociaciones predictivas de tener dengue según grupo de edades, para lo cual se determinó odds ratio (OR). Resultados: los síntomas más frecuente estuvieron representados por: cefalea, artromialgias, dolor retroocular y rash; los complementarios solo mostraron tendencia a la leucopenia. Las combinaciones predictivas de dengue halladas fueron: fiebre, exantema y prueba del lazo positiva en todas las edades. La fiebre, exantema y artromialgias para adolescentes (OR= 28,7; IC 95 por ciento 3,98-58,3; p= 0,0001) y escolares (OR= 13,32; IC 95 por ciento 1,74-28,0; p= 0,0001); mientras que la fiebre, cefalea, dolor retroocular y exantema en el grupo adolescentes (OR= 9,57; IC 95 por ciento; 3,63-26,85; p= 0,00001). Conclusiones: en este estudio la clínica varía con la edad, sin incluir síntomas respiratorios, no así los análisis. La asociación de síntomas y signos deben ser tenidas en cuenta de acuerdo con los grupos de edad, y resultaron semejantes los encontrados en los adolescentes con lo reportado en adultos(AU)

Introduction: dengue is a viral disease of broad clinical spectrum. Objectives: to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics, and to determine the most common sign and symptom combinations found in pediatric patients suspected of dengue, who had been admitted to the teaching pediatric hospital in Cerro municipality. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted in a sample of 260 patients from a universe of 1 300 patients admitted to hospital from January to December 2012. The study variables were symptoms and signs in addition to estimating the medians of hematocrit, leukocyte and platelet count values at lab. Predictive associations of having dengue were set according to age groups for which odds ratios were determined. Results: the most frequent symptoms were headache, arthromyalgias, retroocular pain and rash whereas the supplementary tests just showed tendency to leucopenia. The predictive combinations for dengue were fever, exanthema and positive tourniquet test at all ages; fever, exanthema and arthromyalgias for adolescents(OR= 28.7; 95 percent CI 3.98-58,3; p= 0.0001) and schoolchildren (OR= 13.32; 95 percent CI 1.74-28.0; p= 0.0001) and fever, headache, retroocular pain and exanthema for the adolescent group (OR= 9.57; IC 95 percent; 3.63-26.85; p= 0.00001). Conclusions: in this study, the clinical characteristics vary with the age, excluding the respiratory symptoms, but it is not the same in the supplementary tests. The associations of symptoms and signs should be taken into account depending on the age group and those found in adolescents were similar to the ones reported in adults(AU)

Dengue:: una causa frecuente de síndrome febril agudo en el Departamento de El Meta, Colombia / Dengue:: a common cause of febrile syndrome in Meta State, Colombia

Introducción. La fiebre epidémica por Dengue es una enfermedad antigua, sin embargo, en los últimos 17 años su actividad ha tenido un aumento dramático en los trópicos a nivel mundial. Este incremento se ha asociado con la expansión geográfica tanto del mosquito vector como del virus, el desarrollo de la hiperendemicidad y la emergencia del Dengue grave. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de Dengue en pacientes con enfermedad febril aguda en el Departamento de El Meta, quienes acudieron al Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio, Colombia. Material y Métodos. Se tomaron muestras de suero en fase aguda y de convalescencia de 100 pacientes febriles, los que acudieron al Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio, durante 2013 y 2014. Se practicaron pruebas para diagnóstico de Dengue (detección de anticuerpos IgM e IgG por ELISA). El análisis estadístico se hizo con el programa SPSS versión 21 para Windows. Para la comparación, se empleó la prueba de Chi Cuadrado. Se definió como significancia cuando la prueba fue <0,05. Resultado. De los 100 pacientes, 51 por ciento fueron mujeres y el promedio de edad de 23,5 ± 15,6 años de edad. Cincuenta por ciento de ellos fueron estudiantes y 51 por ciento tuvieron alguna forma de Dengue, principalmente secundario (44 por ciento). Conclusiones. El Dengue es una infección frecuente en el Departamento de El Meta, Colombia, con una alta frecuencia de individuos expuestos, quienes constituyen un riesgo para Dengue grave debido a infección secundaria(AU)

Introduction:Epidemic Dengue fever is an ancient disease, however in the past 17 years, activity has a dramatic resurgence of Dengue in the tropics areas worldwide. This increased of epidemic activity, has been associated with the geographical expansion of both, the mosquito vectors and the viruses, the development of hyper-endemicity, and the emergence of Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of Dengue infection in patients with acute febrile syndrome in Meta Administrative District, Colombia. That ask for a medical advice at the Departmental hospital of Villavicencio. Material and methods: Blood serum were collected from 100 febrile patients in of acute and convalescent stages from the rural and urban zones that arrive for medical advice to the Departmental hospital of Villavicencio during 2013 and 2014. Serologic tests for Dengue (IgM and IgG by ELISA) were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., USA). The chi-square test was used to make a comparison. Variables that were statistically significant (p<0.05) were kept in the final model. Results: From a total of 100 persons surveyed, (51 percent) were women, and average age was 23,5 ± 15,6 years, 50 percent was students and 51 percenthad some type of Dengue, mainly secondary infections (44 percent). Conclusions:Dengue is a frequent infection in Meta Administrative District, Colombia, with a high frequency of exposed population with secondary infection which is a risk factor for severe forms of the disease(AU)

Trombose venosa profunda e vírus chicungunha / Deep venous thrombosis and chikungunya virus

Resumo Algumas infecções virais sistêmicas podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de trombose venosa profunda e/ou embolia pulmonar. Essa associação já está bem descrita em pacientes com infeções pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), hepatite C ou influenza. Recentemente introduzido no continente americano, o vírus chicungunha, agente etiológico da febre de chicungunha, ainda não tem essa relação bem sedimentada, mas com o aumento progressivo de sua incidência e pelo fato dessa infecção causar, muitas vezes, uma restrição severa da locomoção por poliartralgia e uma possível lesão endotelial direta, casos de tromboembolismo venoso podem começar a ser descritos. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos um paciente que desenvolveu trombose de veia poplítea direita durante internação para tratamento de febre por infecção por vírus chicungunha e poliartralgia severa.

Abstract Some systemic viral infections can be linked to development of deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. This association has already been well described in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C, and influenza. The chikungunya virus is the etiologic agent of chikungunya fever and it has recently been introduced to the American continent. As yet, there is no firm foundation for a relationship between chikungunya and thromboembolism, but the progressive increase in its incidence, the fact that this infection very often causes severe locomotion restrictions due to polyathralgia, and the possibility of direct endothelial injury suggest that cases of venous thromboembolism may begin to be described. In this case report, we describe a patient who developed thrombosis of the right popliteal vein after being admitted for treatment of severe polyathralgia and fever caused by chikungunya virus infection.

Conocimiento de los padres sobre la fiebre en niños menores de 5 años que acuden al servicio de emergencias en el Hospital del Niño Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría / Parent's knowledge about fever in children under 5 attending emergency department at Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría children hospital

OBJETIVO: Determinar el conocimiento sobre la fiebre, de los padres de niños menores de 5 años que acuden al servicio de Emergencias del Hospital de Niño DISEÑO: descriptivo prospectivo de serie de casos. LUGAR: El estudio se realizó entre octubre de 2016 y noviembre de 2016 en el Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital del Niño "Ovidio Aliaga Uría" de la ciudad de La Paz. PARTICIPANTES: padres de niños febriles que acudieron al Hospital del Niño "Ovidio Aliaga Uría" de 0 a 59 meses de edad MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: el instrumento evaluó la escolaridad de los padres, el punto de corte considerado como fiebre, las consecuencias temidas de la fiebre, la droga usada para la fiebre, la dosis administrada en caso de usarse algún medicamento, la fuente de información de donde se obtuvo el conocimiento de fiebre, si se sabe medir la temperatura, cual es el método más usado para la medición de temperatura y cuáles son los tratamientos alternativos que se utilizan. RESULTADOS. El intervalo de alza térmica que los padres consideran como una fiebre es entre 37 a 37,5°C (52%). El temor de los padres es que la temperatura incremente por más de 39°C con un porcentaje de 59%. El principal temor de los padres frente a un alza térmica es que desencadene convulsiones 46%. El medicamento más utilizado es el paracetamol 53%, las dosis administradas por los padres de antitérmicos son dosis inadecuadas en 50% de los casos. Saben medir la fiebre 64% siendo el principal instrumento utilizado el termómetro oral (36%). CONCLUSIONES. Una gran parte de los padres manejan un concepto errado respecto al punto de corte para considerar fiebre. El principal temor de los padres ante el ascenso de la misma es la presencia de convulsiones. La droga más usada por los padres que participaron en nuestro estudio es el paracetamol. La principal fuente de información de los padres era la información brindada por personal de salud, pero existe una tendencia a usar sobredosis de antitérmicos. Aún son usados métodos caseros y naturales para controlar la fiebre.

OBJECTIVE: To determine knowledge about fever in parents of young children attending to emergency department. DESIGN: Descriptive and prospective study from case series. PLACE: The study was conducted from October to November 2016 in emergency department at Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría Children Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of young children from 0 to 59 months old that showed febrile seizures at attending emergency room in the hospital. MAIN MEASURES: Survey considered parents knowledge about the cut off to consider fever, feared consequences of fever, used drugs to treat, drug doses in case of administrating medicaments, source of information regarding knowledge about fever, how to measure children temperature, the methods to measure temperature and the alternative treatments about fever. RESULTS: Parents considered fever when temperature rises between 37 to 37,5 °C (52%). Parents get afraid when temperature increases higher than 39 °C, in a 59%. The presence of seizures is the main fear in parents (46%). paracetamol is most used drug. 50%the cases displayed an inadequate dose administration of antipyretic. CONCLUSIONS: most of the parents have an inadequate concept about the cut of to consider fever. The mean fear is the presence of fever seizures, paracetamol is the most used drug. The source information of parents is obtained from health staff, but they tend to overdose the administration of antipyretics, and the use of home methods is still common.

Manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos de laboratorio de una serie de casos febriles agudos con diagnóstico presuntivo de infección por el virus dengue. Quindío (Colombia) / Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings on a case series of acute febrile syndrome with a presumptive diagnosis of dengue virus infection. Quindio, Colombia

Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos de laboratorio de una serie de casos febriles agudos con diagnóstico presuntivo de infección por el virus dengue. en Quindío (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, en pacientes con sospecha clínica de dengue en el periodo comprendido entre enero y agosto de 2013, en algunos centros hospitalarios del departamento del Quindío. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para diagnóstico de dengue, leptospira, malaria, hepatitis B, y rickettsiosis. Como pruebas confirmatorias para dengue se realizó aislamiento viral en células C6/36HT y serotipificación para dengue por RTPCR; pruebas de función hepática, cuadro hemático y niveles de citocinas. Resultados: Se caracterizaron 149 casos, de los cuales el 43% presentaron infección por dengue, 4% leptospira, 6,8% rickettsias, un caso de malaria y uno de hepatitis B. En 5 casos se logró el aislamiento del DENV2 y DENV3. Mediante la RT-PCR, se evidenció cocirculación de serotipos 2, 3, 4. Se encontró que las enzimas AST/ALT, el conteo de plaquetas, la erupción y el dolor abdominal fueron marcadores característicos de la infección por dengue, mientras la ictericia y el dolor lumbar se correlacionaron con la leptospirosis. Los valores de citocinas mostraron que la IL-10, TNF α variaron significativamente en casos con dengue frente a otros diagnósticos, y la IL-17 a presentó diferencias significativas en individuos con dengue grave. Conclusiones: El dengue se confirmó como causa etiológica importante de síndrome febril icterohemorrágico en el departamento del Quindío, pero la leptospirosis y la rickettsiosis tienen también una participación importante. Sin embargo, en el 44% de los casos fueron catalogados como síndrome febril indeterminado.

Objective: To characterise the clinical and laboratory findings on a series of febrile cases with a presumptive diagnosis of dengue virus infection in Quindío, Colombia. Materials and methods: This study was conducted from January to July 2013. Blood samples were obtained from patients suspected of dengue virus infection from Quindío department hospitals. These samples were tested for dengue, leptospira, malaria, hepatitis B and rickettsiosis. To confirm dengue infection, we performed viral isolation in C6/36HT cells and dengue serotyping by RT-PCR; liver function tests, complete blood counts and cytokine levels. Results: Of 149 cases, 43% were infected by dengue, 4% leptospira, 6.8% rickettsia, one case of malaria and one case of hepatitis b. We obtained 5 clinical isolates of DENV2 and DENV3 that evidenced co-circulation of serotypes 2, 3, and 4. We found that AST/ALT levels, platelet count, rash and abdominal pain were good markers of infection by dengue, while jaundice and lumbar pain suggested leptospirosis. Cytokine levels revealed that IL-10, TNF a varied significantly in dengue compared with other diagnostics and that IL-17 α showed significant differences in individuals with severe dengue. Conclusions: Dengue was confirmed as an important aetiology of acute febrile icterohaemorrhagic syndrome in Quindío, but leptospirosis and rickettsia also play an important role. However, 44% of the cases were classified as undetermined febrile syndrome.

Abordaje clínico de adultos con fiebre prolongada / Clinical management of adults with prolonged fever

INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome febril prolongado (SFP) es todo cuadro de hipertermia que persiste al menos 10 días, sin diagnóstico, a pesar de un estudio etiológico inicial. OBJETIVO: determinar las causas más frecuentes de SFP en adultos del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay). METODOLOGÍA: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, que incluyó 57 pacientes internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica y salas de urgencias del Hospital Nacional a partir de enero 2010 hasta noviembre 2015. Se consideró SFP a todo cuadro de hipertermia que persiste al menos 10 días, sin diagnóstico, a pesar de estudios básicos. RESULTADOS: el SFP se caracterizó por afectar preferentemente a varones, provenientes del Departamento Central, con una edad media 41±17 años. La duración media de la fiebre fue 47±38 días. El indicio diagnóstico más frecuente fue la visceromegalia. Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron la leishmaniasis visceral, la leucemia linfoblástica aguda y la endocarditis bacteriana. En 17,5% no se llegó al diagnóstico final. El tiempo medio requerido para llegar al diagnóstico fue 4 días. La mayoría, 90%, fueron dados de alta vivos, con o sin diagnóstico. Hubo 5 fallecidos, de los cuales en 2 sujetos se consideró a la fiebre como la causa del óbito. CONCLUSIONES: las causas más frecuentes de SFP fueron las infecciones, sobre todo leishmaniosis visceral, y leucemias.

INTRODUCTION: prolonged febrile syndrome (PFS) is all hyperthermia that persists for at least 10 days without diagnosis, despite an initial etiologic study. OBJETIVE: to determine the most frequent causes of adult with PFS. METHODOLOGY: observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study that included 57 patients admitted to the Medical Clinic Service and emergency rooms from the National Hospital (Itauguá, Paraguay) from January 2010 to November 2015. It was considered PFS to all patients with hyperthermia that persists at least 10 days without diagnosis, despite basic studies. RESULTS: The PFS affect preferentially men, from the Central Department, with an average age 41 ± 17 years. The average duration off ever was 47 ± 38 days. The most frequent diagnosis clue was visceromegaly. The most frequent etiology were visceral leishmaniasis, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and bacterial endocarditis. En 17.5% we didn't reach the final diagnosis. The average time required for diagnosis was 4 days. The majority, 90%, were discharged alive, with or without diagnosis. There were 5 deaths, of which in 2 subjects the fever was considered as the cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: the most frequent causes of PFS were infections, especially visceral leishmaniasis, and leukemias.

Bone Marrow Suppression and Hemophagocytic Histiocytes Are Common Findings in Korean Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Patients

The causes of cytopenia in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) are not fully understood until now. We reviewed the bone marrow (BM) findings of patients with SFTS to unravel the cause of the cytopenia. Three Korean SFTS were enrolled in this study. Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and anemia were detected in all three patients. Severe hypocellular marrow (overall cellularity <5%) and a decreased number of megakaryocytes were noted in one patient, and hypo-/normocellular marrow and an increased number of hemophagocytic histiocytes were observed in two patients. Megakaryocytes were relatively preserved in two patients. Although a limited number of cases are available, our observations suggest that both BM suppression and peripheral destruction or sequestration are causes of cytopenia of patients with SFTS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well documented pathologic evaluation of Korean SFTS.

Extensive cervical lymphadenitis mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease / Extensa linfadenite cervical mimetizando adenite bacteriana como primeira manifestação da doença de Kawasaki

Cervical adenitis >1.5cm in diameter is the less frequently observed criteria in patients with Kawasaki disease and it is usually found in association with other symptoms during the acute phase. Moreover, the finding of fever and lymphadenitis with intense local signs of inflammation and phlegmon is rarely seen as the initial manifestation of Kawasaki disease. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy who had cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease. The patient had fever, cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis, and severe headache. Cefadroxil was prescribed based on the clinical diagnosis of bacterial adenitis. Because he remained febrile and phlogistic signs worsened, after 1 day of hospitalization, antibiotics were administrated intravenously (ceftriaxone and oxacillin). The computed tomography of the neck showed primary infectious/inflammatory process. On the fourth day, the patient had dry and scaly lips, and treatment with oxacillin was replaced by clindamycin because the patient was still febrile. On the ninth day, he presented non-exudative bilateral conjunctival injection. On the tenth day of febrile disease, a rash appeared on his trunk, hands and feet. Patient’s symptoms resolved after intravenous administration of immunoglobulin (2g/kg/dose), and he was discharged 2 days later. On the 14th day, the patient had lamellar desquamation of fingers. Kawasaki disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with febrile cervical lymphadenitis unresponsive to empiric antibiotics even if they have adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon.

Adenite cervical >1,5cm é o critério menos frequentemente observado em pacientes com doença de Kawasaki e manifesta-se habitualmente em associação com os demais sintomas da fase aguda. Entretanto, linfadenite febril isolada com intensos sinais flogísticos e flegmão é raramente observada como primeira manifestação da doença de Kawasaki. Assim, relatou-se aqui um caso de uma criança que apresentou linfadenite cervical com celulite adjacente e flegmão mimetizando adenite bacteriana como primeira manifestação da doença de Kawasaki. Paciente previamente hígido, 7 anos, masculino, iniciou quadro de febre, adenite cervical com celulite adjacente e cefaleia intensa, sendo prescrita cefadroxila devido ao diagnóstico clínico de linfadenite bacteriana. Por se manter febril e com piora dos sinais flogísticos, após 1 dia foi internado para receber antibioticoterapia endovenosa (oxacilina e ceftriaxona). Tomografia computadorizada da região cervical mostrou processo infeccioso/inflamatório primário. No quarto dia, apresentou lábios ressecados e descamativos, sendo a oxacilina substituída por clindamicina devido à persistência da febre e sinais flogísticos. No nono dia, iniciou hiperemia ocular não exsudativa. No décimo dia de febre, apresentou exantema em tronco, membros, mãos e pés. Recebeu gamaglobulina endovenosa (2g/kg/dose), evoluiu com resolução dos sintomas e, após 2 dias, recebeu alta hospitalar. No 14odia, apresentou descamação lamelar dos dedos das mãos. Portanto, doença de Kawasaki deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das linfadenites cervicais febris na infância não responsivas à antibioticoterapia empírica, mesmo que esteja presentes celulite adjacente e flegmão.

Acute respiratory viral infections in pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy / Infecções respiratórias virais agudas em pacientes pediátricos com câncer em tratamento quimioterápico

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of infection by respiratory viruses in pediatric patients with cancer and acute respiratory infection (ARI) and/or fever. METHODS: cross-sectional study, from January 2011 to December 2012. The secretions of nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed in children younger than 21 years with acute respiratory infections. Patients were treated at the Grupo em Defesa da Criança Com Câncer (Grendacc) and University Hospital (HU), Jundiaí, SP. The rapid test was used for detection of influenza virus (Kit Biotrin, Inc. Ireland), and real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (FTD, Respiratory pathogens, multiplex Fast Trade Kit, Malta) for detection of influenza virus (H1N1, B), rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human parechovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus, and human coronavirus. The prevalence of viral infection was estimated and association tests were used (χ2 or Fisher's exact test). RESULTS: 104 samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate and blood were analyzed. The median age was 12 ± 5.2 years, 51% males, 68% whites, 32% had repeated ARIs, 32% prior antibiotic use, 19.8% cough, and 8% contact with ARIs. A total of 94.3% were in good general status. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (42.3%) was the most prevalent neoplasia. Respiratory viruses were detected in 50 samples: rhinoviruses (23.1%), respiratory syncytial virus AB (8.7%), and coronavirus (6.8%). Co-detection occurred in 19% of cases with 2 viruses and in 3% of those with 3 viruses, and was more frequent between rhinovirus and coronavirus 43. Fever in neutropenic patients was observed in 13%, of which four (30.7) were positive for viruses. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of respiratory viruses was relevant in the infectious episode, with no increase in morbidity and mortality. Viral co-detection was frequent in patients with cancer and ARIs. .

OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência da infecção pelos vírus respiratórios em pacientes pediátricos com câncer e infecção respiratória aguda (IRA) e/ou febre. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Foram analisadas secreções de aspirado da nasofaringe de menores de 21 anos, com quadro respiratório agudo, atendidos nos hospitais Grendacc e HU, Jundiaí, SP. Foi aplicado o teste rápido para detecção dos vírus influenza (Kit Biotrin(r)) e a reação em cadeia da polimerase multiplex em tempo real (Kit multiplex/Fast Trade(r)) para detecção dos vírus: influenza (A, H1N1, B), rinovírus, parainfluenza, adenovírus respiratório, vírus respiratório sincicial, parechovírus, bocavírus, metapneumovírus humano e coronavírus humano. Foi estimada a prevalência de infecção viral e usados testes de associação (χ2 ou teste exato de Fisher). RESULTADOS: foram analisadas 104 amostras de aspirado de nasofaringe e sangue. A mediana para a idade foi 12±5,2 anos; masculino (51%); cor branca (68%); IVAS de repetição (32%); uso prévio de antibiótico (32%); tosse (19,8%); e contato com IVAS (8%). Apresentavam-se em bom estado geral 94,3% dos pacientes. A leucemia linfocítica aguda (42,3%) foi mais prevalente. Foram detectados vírus respiratórios em 50% das amostras: rinovírus (23,1%), vírus sincicial respiratório A/B (8,7%) e coronavírus (6,8%). Ocorreu codetecção em 19% entre dois vírus, e de 3% entre três vírus, sendo a mais frequente entre rinovírus e coronavírus 43. Febre em neutropênicos foi de 13%, sendo quatro (30,7%) com vírus positivo. Não houve óbitos. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência de vírus respiratórios ...

Falla multiorgánica asociada a hipertermia en una lactante con síndrome de Prader-Willi. caso clínico / Multiorgan failure associated with hyperthermia in an infant with Prader-Willi syndrome. Case report

El golpe de calor es una emergencia médica y se debe entender como una forma de hipertermia asociada a una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, que ocasiona falla multiorgánica y en la cual la disfunción del sistema nervioso central es predominante. Si no es tratada precozmente, puede ocasionar una alta mortalidad. El síndrome de Prader-Willi es un trastorno genético multisistémico secundario a una anormalidad en el brazo largo del cromosoma 15 (15q11-q13), caracterizado por hipotonía central neonatal, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, hipogonadismo, hiperfagia y obesidad. Estos pacientes son proclives a presentar problemas de termorregulación. Se comunica el caso de una lactante de 5 meses en quien se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome de Prader-Willi en el curso de un episodio febril sin foco conocido, que evolucionó con falla multiorgánica y rabdomiólisis secundaria a la hipertermia.

Heat stroke is a medical emergency characterized primarily by an elevated core temperature associated with a systemic inflammatory response, which causes multiple organ dysfunction in which encephalopathy predominates. If it is not early treated has high mortality. The Prader-Willi syndrome is a multisystem genetic disorder secondary to an abnormality in long arm chromosome 15 (15q11-q13), characterized by neonatal central hypotonia, developmental delay, hypogonadism, hyperphagia and obesity. These patients are susceptible to developing thermoregulatory problems. We report the case of a 5-month-old infant, in whom a diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome was established in the course of a febrile episode without known focus, who developed multiorganic failure and rhabdomyolysis secondary to hyperthermia.